BUILDING & OTHER CIVIL PROJECTS

Building & Other Civil Projects

Building materials are materials used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing and roofing work.

To plan a building, you first need to develop a building layout that meets the owner’s requirements and budget. Then, engineers and architects develop a building plan based on this plan and material estimates.

Economic costs are the initial price of building materials. People often compare the energy savings or durability of different materials and see that paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost is worth it. For example, asphalt shingles cost less to install than metal roofing but they last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year.

Fired bricks and clay blocks are made by burning bricks after they have been dried. Clay blocks are made in a similar way to mud-bricks, except without the fibrous binder such as straw. A brick clamp or kiln is used to burn the bricks and make them permanently hard. Kiln fired clay bricks are a ceramic material.

Concrete is used in building and civil engineering structures, due to its low cost, flexibility, durability, and high strength. It is resistant to fire and has high resistance to shock. Concrete is a non-linear material that behaves non-linearly at all times. It has no tensile strength and it is thus always used as reinforced concrete—a composite material made up of sand, aggregate, cement and water.

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